e purchased from Rockland, Gilbertsville, PA. Anti-Inflammation by Venom from Nasonia vitripennis 3. Cell culture Raw264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage-like cell line, were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium, murine fibrosarcoma L929sA cells and human embryonic kidney 293T cells were maintained in DMEM at 37uC in 5% CO2 humidified air. Both media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin. Twenty-four hours before induction, cells were seeded in multiwell dishes such that they were confluent at the time of the experiment. 4. Plasmids and transfection procedure pGal4, pGal4-p65 and p2-50hu.IL6P-luc+ were previously described. pPGKbgeobpA was a gift from P. Soriano. p350hu.IL6P-luc+ and p2-50-luc were described previously. Transient transfections were performed using polyethylenimine . Stable transfection was performed by the calcium phosphate precipitation procedure according to standard protocols. 5. Reporter gene analysis Luciferase and galactosidase reporter assays were carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions and have been described previously. Luc activity, expressed in arbitrary light units, was corrected for differences in protein concentration and transfection efficiency in the sample by normalization to constitutive b-gal levels. B-gal levels were quantified with a chemiluminescent reporter assay Galacto-Light kit. The thermal cycling conditions were as follows: 5 minutes at 50uC, 2 minutes at 95uC and then 40 cycles of 20 seconds at 95uC and 40 seconds at 60uC. Melting curve analysis was used to determine primer specificity. 9. Immunofluorescence staining Cells were seeded on coverslips and grown for 24 hours. Fixation, permeabilization, and staining were performed as described previously. Presence of p65 was visualized with a 1:200 dilution of anti-p65 antibody, followed by probing with a 1:800 dilution of Alexa Fluor 488conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Staining with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole was used for visualization of the cell nuclei. A Zeiss Axiovert 200M microscope was used for visualization of the images, and data were analyzed using Carl Zeiss Axiovision software. 6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IL-6 Murine 
IL-6 ELISA was performed using the Mouse IL-6 CytoSet from Invitrogen. 7. Western blot analysis After inductions or solvent controls where appropriate, cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, harvested with a rubber policeman and collected in 1 ml of PBS by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 500 g. Preparation of cytoplasmic or nuclear cell extracts have been described previously. If total cell lysates were used, cells were lysed in SDS sample buffer. To shear DNA and reduce sample viscosity, lysates were sonicated for 1 minute in a water bath sonicator and then heated to 95uC for 5 minutes after which they were immediately cooled in ice and microcentrifuged for 5 minutes. The lysates were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Blots were probed using the appropriate PR 619 antibodies, and their corresponding immunoreactive protein was detected on an Odyssey imaging system. 10. Statistical analysis All assays were carried out in triplicate from three biological repeats and results were expressed as the mean 6SDs. Prior to statistical tests, normality of the data was PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656570 confirmed by ShapiroWilk tests. With this assumption met, data was evaluated using analysis of variance, ANOVA followed by Dun