Difference among males and females. Participants described their parent’s marital status as 62 married, 7 single, 19 divorced, and 12 separated. When living at household, 78 of participants reported living with their mothers, 68 living with fathers, 13 living with grandparent(s), and 11 living with one more relative. A total of 72 self-identified as members from the Yup’ik Alaska Native cultural linguistic group, followed by Inupiat (21 ), Athabaskan (11 ), Aleut/Alutiq (six ), and Tlingit/Haida (4 ). Some individuals identified with two or additional ethnic categories. Measures Item pool Adult Self-Mastery: Pearlin et al. (1981) originally created the Mastery scale as an adult measure of individual sense of manage in overcoming life difficulties. The scale consists of seven products rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, assessing the extent to which folks perceive themselves as possessing handle more than the circumstances that influence their lives. Representative items include “I can do just about anything I truly set my thoughts to,” and “What takes place to me in the future mostly depends on me.” Internal consistency reported by Hobfoll, Jackson, et al. (2002) was = .72. Adult Communal Mastery: The Communal Mastery scale (Jackson, McKenzie, Hobfoll, 2000) can be a 10-item measure itself initially MedChemExpress trans-Piceatannol adapted from the Mastery Scale (Pearlin et al., 1981) and the Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1993) to measure coping approaches from a much more collectivist orientation. Representative items contain “Working together with household and friends I can solve lots of problems I’ve,” and “What occurs to me inside the future depends upon my capacity to perform properly with other folks,” to which individuals respond on a fourpoint Likert scale. Internal consistency for this scale was = .74 (Hobfoll, Jackson, et al., 2002). We adapted these mastery measures for youth. Validity measures Youth Neighborhood Assistance: The Youth Neighborhood Assistance scale is really a three-item subscale adapted in the People’s Awakening Yup’ik Protective Things scale for adults (Allen et al., 2006). The Youth Community Help scale taps youth perceptions with regards to the presence and extent of support as a protective factors readily available to young people in the neighborhood in general, outside of family members and friendship. Representative items contain “People PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2105157 support me” and “People are obtainable to me for assistance.”NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPsychol Assess. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2013 June 01.Fok et al.PageReligious Involvement: Youth’s amount of involvement with formal religion was assessed through two things. On 1 item the youth rated the value of church in their life as not at all, somewhat, or actually important, and on a second item, youth rated church attendance via certainly one of five radio buttons, as much less than after a year, 1? times a year, 1? times a month, 3? occasions a month, or no less than after a week. Alaska Native Cultural Identification: The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale is an eight-item scale adapted from the item set from the Orthogonal Cultural Identification scale (Oetting Beauvais, 1990?991), a strategy of assessment of bicultural identities amongst ethnic minority youth. The Alaska Native Cultural Identification scale utilizes two item stems, worded using descriptors our focus group work found locally understandable: “How much you reside by or comply with the [Native/White American] way of life?” and “How much do you speak [Native language/English]?” Since.