L using a proportional pressure regulator and a programmable logic controller. Keywords and phrases: pneumatic muscle; hysteresis; axial contraction; positioning systemsCitation: Petre, I.M. Studies relating to the usage of Pneumatic Muscles in Precise Positioning Systems. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ app11219855 Academic Editor: Francisco Cavas Mart ez Received: 29 September 2021 Accepted: 20 October 2021 Published: 21 October1. Introduction Nowadays, the use of pneumatic muscles is more and more frequent because of the advantages they have. A pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) is usually a versatile tube produced of an aramid fiber-reinforced rubber composite material. The elastomer can be a chloroprene rubber and types a matrix that integrates a 3D mesh of inelastic aramid fibers laid out inside a diamond pattern. The Tenidap In stock functioning principle of a pneumatic muscle is correlated to its construction. Based on the internal pressure applied to the pneumatic muscle, it increases in diameter and decreases in length. The development of the pneumatic muscle is correlated towards the necessity of acquiring options for actuators, including a uncomplicated or diaphragm cylinder, in particular inside the case of significant dimensions, which entails higher weight and troubles in stroke controlling. Even though the initial mention of an artificial muscle was in 1930, when the Russian inventor S. Garasiev developed the pneumatic muscle [1], interest in these types of actuators improved, and lots of other varieties have appeared. In 2002, the firm Festo submitted a patent for “Actuating means”, a braided pneumatic muscle with robust end-fittings that let it to be conveniently commercialized [2]. Later, the firms Shadow Robot Organization and Merlin Systems Corporation created braided pneumatic muscles on a industrial scale [3]. The applications from the pneumatic muscle are mostly discovered in industrial and health-related domains including industrial manipulators [4,5], robotic arms [6,7], and assistive devices for rehabilitation [81]. Pneumatic muscle actuators have numerous strengths, including low weight, low workspace requirement, high flexibility to construct [8,12], adaptable installation possibilities, minimum consumption of compressed air, accessibility of diverse measurements, low price, and getting secure for human use [8,13]. These strengths are why it is actually Nimbolide NF-��B advisable to become employed as an actuator as an alternative to electrical or hydraulic ones.Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This short article is an open access report distributed beneath the terms and circumstances on the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9855. https://doi.org/10.3390/apphttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsciAppl. Sci. 2021, 11,two ofA weakness is definitely the nonlinearity caused by the elastic, viscous properties in the inner rubber tube, the compressibility of air, and the structure in the complex behavior from the PMA outer covering [12]. Handle accuracy on the pneumatic muscle is determined by its behaviors in functioning as inelastic (namely hysteresis) or mechanical. Paper [14] focused on the coupled deformation iffusion response of fiber-reinforced polymeric gels depending on the existence with the embedded fibers in a swellable polymer matrix, top to anisotropy in the overall behavior. In [15], an experimental characterization and continuum model.