On, Writing-review editing, M.S.S.; Information curation, Investigation, A.S.
On, Writing-review editing, M.S.S.; Information curation, Investigation, A.S.A.; Supervision, Visualization, A.T.A.; Information curation, Formal Evaluation, F.H.H. All authors have read and agreed for the published version in the manuscript. Funding: This operate was funded by Analysis Center, College of Engineering, King Saud Seclidemstat custom synthesis University and also support from Deanship of Scientific Investigation at King Saud University. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the College of Engineering Research Center at King Saud University in Riyadh for their economic support in carrying out the study reported in this paper. The authors also thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for their technical help. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
crystalsArticleTime-Resolved Nanobeam X-ray Diffraction of a Relaxor Ferroelectric Single Crystal below an Alternating Electric FieldShinobu Aoyagi 1, , Ayumi Aoyagi 1 , Hiroaki Takeda 2 , Hitoshi Osawa three , Kazushi Sumitani three , Yasuhiko Imai 3 and Shigeru KimuraDepartment of Facts and Basic Science, Graduate College of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan; [email protected] Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimoohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; [email protected] Center for Synchrotron Radiation Study, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan; [email protected] (H.O.); [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (Y.I.); [email protected] (S.K.) Correspondence: [email protected]: Aoyagi, S.; Aoyagi, A.; Takeda, H.; Osawa, H.; Sumitani, K.; Imai, Y.; Kimura, S. Time-Resolved Nanobeam X-ray Diffraction of a Relaxor Ferroelectric Single Crystal under an Alternating Electric Field. Crystals 2021, 11, 1419. https:// doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111419 Academic Editor: Connie Darmanin Received: 31 October 2021 Accepted: 17 November 2021 Published: 20 NovemberAbstract: Lead-containing relaxor ferroelectrics show massive DNQX disodium salt supplier piezoelectric capabilities relating to their heterogeneous structures. Time-resolved nanobeam X-ray diffraction reveals the time and position dependences from the local lattice strain on a relaxor ferroelectric single crystal mechanically vibrating and alternately switching, too as its polarization under an alternating electric field. The complex time and position dependences on the Bragg intensity distributions below an alternating electric field demonstrate that nanodomains together with the many lattice constants and orientations exhibiting different electric field responses exist within the measured neighborhood location, because the translation symmetry breaks for the microscale. The dynamic motion of nanodomains within the heterogeneous structure, with broadly distributed local lattice strain, enables huge piezoelectric lattice strain and fatigue-free ferroelectric polarization switching. Keyword phrases: synchrotron radiation; nanobeam X-ray diffraction; time-resolved X-ray diffraction; relaxor ferroelectrics1. Introduction Lead-containing composite perovskites, (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3 )O3 -xPbTiO3 (PMNPT) and (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3 Nb2/3 )O3 -xPbTiO3 (PZN-PT), are well-known as relaxor ferroelectrics and are extensively used in numerous applications because of their superb piezoelectric properties [1]. Their piezoelectric constants and electromechanical coupling aspects strongly depend on the PbTiO3 (PT) fraction x and possess a maximum.