N P (spectrum peak | noise) = 0.00005 had been chosen as significant. A relatively
N P (spectrum peak | noise) = 0.00005 have been selected as considerable. A reasonably low worth of P was selected as a way to filter out spurious periods present in the analysed clock data. In Figure 3f, meaningful periods are those for which the peaks are above the orange line, i.e., 6.4 h and 4 peaks indicating periods more than 30 h. The relevant periods for each and every analysed BeiDou satellite are presented as a blue mark in Appendix B.| – ()|Energies 2021, 14,(five)In our calculations, the standard value for constant k = five was adopted [44], and right after five of 39 this stage, the maximum removed information point was 2.two . Lastly, the Lomb-Scargle [45,46] energy spectrum was calculated (Figure 3f).(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Figure 3. Stages of data processing. (a) Original clock correction information (phase data). (b) Clock correction rate (frequency information). data). (c) Clock correction rate soon after elimination of outliers larger than 10-10 s. (d) Clock correction price values right after removal -10 s. (d) Clock correction rate values just after removal (c) Clockthe detectedrate right after elimination of outliers bigger thanof the trend and outliers with all the MAD process. (f) Lomb- of your of correction jump. (e) Clock correction rate immediately after removal 10 detected jump. (e) Clock correction rate just after removal of the trend and outliers using the MAD system. (f) Lomb-Scargle Scargle periodogram. periodogram.Figure 3. Stages of information processing. (a) Original clock correction data (phase information). (b) Clock correction rate (frequencyAs a last step of our analysis the time-frequency spectrum has been calculated working with Continuous Polmacoxib supplier normalization issue 1/ a is used to preserve the direct comparability of the transform for all the scales. The Morlet wavelet used here to calculate the time-frequency spectrum is expressed as follows: (t) = 1 t2 exp i2 f t – fb fb (7)where f denotes the center frequency and fb represents the bandwidth. The continuous wavelet transform method does not optimize the time and frequency resolution simultaneously. Within the CWT evaluation, a trade-off should be located among these quantities [41]. Inside the present study, the center frequency was taken as f = 1.5 Hz along with the bandwidth parameter was fb = two.0 for all pf the clock information time series analyzed. The parameter values were chosen empirically to ensure a satisfactory balance between the time and frequency resolution for the analyzed data. 3. Outcomes and Discussion Within the analysed information (clock correction rates) following removal from the outliers and trend, several discontinuities are clearly visible (e.g., Figure 3e). These jumps are significantly less visible for the older BDS-2 than for the BDS-3 satellites mainly because.