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Global Journal ofMolecular SciencesReviewCytochrome P450 GSK-3 web Enzymes and Drug Metabolism in HumansMingzhe Zhao one, , Jingsong Ma two, , Mo Li one , Yingtian Zhang 1 , Bixuan Jiang one , Xianglong Zhao 1 , Cong Huai one , Lu Shen one , Na Zhang 1 , Lin He one and Shengying Qin one, Bio-X Institutes, Essential Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Ailments (Ministry of Schooling), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (C.H.); mailer.shen@gmail (L.S.); [email protected] (N.Z.); [email protected] (L.H.) Institutes for Shanghai Pudong Decoding Existence, Shanghai 200135, China; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected] These authors equally contributed to this work.Citation: Zhao, M.; Ma, J.; Li, M.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, B.; Zhao, X.; Huai, C.; Shen, L.; Zhang, N.; He, L.; et al. Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolic process in Humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12808. doi.org/ ten.3390/ijms222312808 Academic Editor: Patrick M. Dansette Received: 27 October 2021 Accepted: 24 November 2021 Published: 26 NovemberAbstract: Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, as membrane-bound hemoproteins, play crucial roles while in the detoxification of medication, cellular metabolic process, and homeostasis. In humans, virtually 80 of oxidative metabolic process and about 50 on the overall elimination of widespread clinical medicines may be attributed to a single or far more from the many CYPs, from the CYP families 1. In addition to the essential metabolic results for elimination, CYPs may also be capable of affecting drug responses by influencing drug action, safety, bioavailability, and drug resistance by metabolic process, in both metabolic organs and local sites of action. Structures of CYPs have a short while ago supplied new insights into the two comprehending the mechanisms of drug metabolism and exploiting CYPs as drug targets. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic improvements in CYP genes and environmental factors could be liable for interethnic and interindividual variations in the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Within this evaluate, we summarize and highlight the structural understanding about CYPs as well as key CYPs in drug metabolism. Moreover, genetic and epigenetic variables, as well as various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to interindividual variation in drug response may also be MCT1 Formulation reviewed, to reveal the multifarious and vital roles of CYP-mediated metabolism and elimination in drug treatment. Keywords: cytochrome P450; drug metabolism; genetic polymorphisms; protein structure1. Introduction D