cyclophosphamide therapy regimen by Harahap et al. (2020) and to 40 other breast cancer patients who received a cyclophosphamide therapy regimen by Harahap et al. (2020) [11, 40]. Hence, following comparing the analysis procedures from Harahap et al. (2020), Carmella et al. (2007), and Yan et al. (2010), as well as obtaining some added facts from 7 literature, the authors conclude that the Harahap et al. (2020) analysis Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) Inhibitor custom synthesis process would be the most effective approach for analyzing 3-HPMA levels within the urine of cancer sufferers receiving cyclophosphamide. 4.five. The CYP2B6 polymorphism analysis system Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is really a strategy of enzymatic DNA replication without the usage of living organisms. This process is often used to make big SIRT3 Accession amounts of DNA within a short time. The advantages of this method make PCR could be applied for many things, one of which is to discover the gene polymorphism that experiences SNP. High-density SNP structures are applied to collect big amounts of genotype information [43]. One PCR procedure cycle consists of three operating methods. The initial stage is denaturing stage, which can be the separation of DNA fragments into a single chain. Then, proceed for the second stage, annealing stage. Just after that, the third stage, the extension/elongation stage, will take location. This cycle continues to repeat till the volume of DNA is sufficient to become analyzed [44]. The polymorphism evaluation method is divided into two stages, that are DNA extraction from biological samples and PCR. DNA extraction is often carried out from numerous biological samples that include DNA, including blood, urine, buccal swab, and hair. DNA extracted from buccal swab samples isn’t superior mainly because research from Bruijns et al. (2018) shows that there are actually components of DNA that cannot be extracted from swabs and sometypes of swabs bind DNA successfully. The efficiency of many sorts of swabs never ever exceeds a worth of 50 [45]. Urine samples are regarded as not excellent due to the fact they only contain a number of nucleated cells and are not best for getting utilized as a supply of DNA [46]. It has been reported that hair includes a low concentration of noncoding DNA and/or a higher level of degradation [47]. Blood sample is better in the other biological samples because it consists of nucleated white blood cells and there are various protocols concerning DNA isolation from blood which have been published [48]. Hence, we conclude that it is greatest to make use of blood samples to carry out a DNA extraction approach. Blood is the body’s tissue that functions inside the body’s circulation method. This suspension tissue is circulated by means of the heart and blood vessels to carry numerous substances, including nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, drugs, metabolites, protein, and other individuals. Of many biological samples, blood got one of the most essential attention in biological research [48]. However, blood will be the most complicated biological sample mainly because lots of elements in it can interfere together with the process of bioanalysis. Handling of blood samples also requirements to be careful due to the fact too much water may cause blood cells to undergo hemolysis. In addition to, blood samples are also not great to be applied to kids if big volume samples are needed [49].Table 3. Bioanalytical approaches and condition’s differences in between previous research.No. Analysis Situation Harahap et al. (2020) [40] Carmella, Chen, Zhang, Zhang, Hatsukami, Hecht, (2007) [41] 35 smokers and 21 orang nonsmokers Yan, Byrd, Brown, Borgerding, (2010) [42] 1 smoker and two non-smokersSubject17 breast cancer pati