Tivitythe identical time, the Ganoderic acid N Epigenetics association was also adjustment for each of the
Tivitythe similar time, the association was also adjustment for each of the 5 potential mediators at analyses (Figure 3a). Even though univariable IVW analysis(OR = 0.947; 95 CI: 0.693.294; p = 0.73; Figure 2b). For COVID-19 severity, with attenuated suggested that genetically larger intelligence was causally linked little adjust in causal estimate was observed just after adjusting for each of the 5 prospective decreased danger of COVID-19 Tenofovir diphosphate MedChemExpress hospitalization (for every single SD increase generally intelligence, OR mediators, at the same time as adjusting for all the prospective mediators at the very same was observed = 0.780; 95 CI: 0.655.930; p = 0.006), similar considerable association time (Figure 2b).inside the Each of the multivariable MR-Egger intercept tests were insignificant (Figure 2b). causal associasensitivity analyses (Figure 3a). For COVID-19 severity, prospective inversetion was observed in of Intelligence on SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19 Hospitalization p = 0.047) 3.two. Two-Sample MR weighted median technique (OR = 0.697; 95 CI: 0.488.995; and contamination mixture technique (OR = 0.468; 95 CI: 0.295.756; p = 0.008; Figure 3a), and Severity but not for the main IVW analysis. Each of the univariable MR-Egger intercept and MRUnivariable IVW analysis showed null causal association of genetically determined PRESSO global tests for the above analyses = 0.937; 95 CI: 0.859.022; p = 0.143), with intelligence with SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR were insignificant. comparable null association observed inlittle transform in causal estimates for COVID-19 hospiIn multivariable MR evaluation, sensitivity analyses (Figure 3a). Whilst univariable IVW analysis recommended that individually adjusting for was causally associated with talization was observed aftergenetically greater intelligencethe beta estimates of BMI, CAD, general activity time and smoking status (Figure 3b). The causal association was attenuated right after adjustment for education attainment (OR = 0.884; 95 CI: 0.658.189; p = 0.415; Figure 3b). Similarly, upon adjustment for all the 5 prospective mediators in the same time, the association was attenuated (OR = 0.891; 95 CI: 0.658.207; p = 0.457; Figure 3b). TheJ. Clin. Med. 2021, ten,9 ofreduced threat of COVID-19 hospitalization (for each SD improve normally intelligence, OR = 0.780; 95 CI: 0.655.930; p = 0.006), related significant association was observed inside the sensitivity analyses (Figure 3a). For COVID-19 severity, prospective inverse causal association was observed in weighted median process (OR = 0.697; 95 CI: 0.488.995; p = 0.047) and contamination mixture technique (OR = 0.468; 95 CI: 0.295.756; p = 0.008; J. Clin. Med. 2021, ten, x FOR PEER Assessment 9 of 17 Figure 3a), but not for the primary IVW analysis. Each of the univariable MR-Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO global tests for the above analyses were insignificant.Figure three. Cont.J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4870 J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW10 of 17 10 ofFigure 3. Figure three. Benefits of Mendelian randomization analysis in in evaluating the causal association among intelligence and of Mendelian randomization evaluation evaluating the causal association in between intelligence and SARSCoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization and and severity. (a) Causal estimates for SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalizationseverity. (a) Causal estimates for SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization and and severity (in ods ratio) per common deviation improve in intelligence in univariable MR analyses. hospitalizati.